Wednesday, October 30, 2019
The United States Constitution and the debates over the merits of the Research Paper
The United States Constitution and the debates over the merits of the constitution - Research Paper Example So these individuals had to come up with a government that not only stood for the sovereignty of the nation but which listened and acted on people’s worries and grievances. This was no simple role to accomplish and the best minds had to evaluate the main systems around the world to get that which would serve the country. Unfortunately, none represented the actual model that would govern the now vast American nation. 2The government model available to follow was the British one which obviously most readily understood the Britons themselves having introduced aspects of their systems in America. This however presented what these individuals feared would be inequitable distribution of power. However at the time, one thing was obvious; the system chosen for the people had to be representative of the people and had to be a choice of the people. This had been the wave at the time especially after the defeat of the monarchy system in Britain at the beginning of the century through the Glorious revolution which had prompted a parliamentary system in governance of countries. This mystery led to the establishment of a system that besides representing the people at the grassroots there would also be a national system that the people identified the state with. This led to the introduction of the federal system which sought to have overlapping governments, overlapping in the sense that the people at the lowest level would choose their respective leaders who would in turn participate in electing leaders of a higher level. This would translate to the national level; the national level is what was to be referred to as the federal government. Was a strong proponent of the federalist system which among other things sought to establish a central government? This central government would in turn oversee the implementation of the American constitution which was to guide the activities as well as participation and association of people and
Monday, October 28, 2019
Roman Empire Culture Essay Example for Free
Roman Empire Culture Essay Wikipedias entry on the Fall of the Roman Empire is a comprehensive and multifaceted survey of the scholarship which seeks to indicate a certain period or event or series of events which caused the fall of the Roman Empire. One of the main differences between the Wikipedia entry and a traditional encyclopedia entry is the extensive analysis with which the Wikipedia entry is able to devote to sub-sections and sub-theories under the general banner of discussion.            The question of assigning a specific date for the fall occupies a great deal of the Wikipedia article. The traditional date acknowledged is September 4, 476 when Romulus Augustus, Emperor of the Western Empire, was deposed by Odoacer. But the Eastern Empire continued until the fall of Constantinople nearly a century later in 1453. Other dates in contention are 395, the year of the death of Theodosius, the last time the Empire was united; the crossing of the Rhine by Germanic tribes in 406 after the withdrawal of the legions to battle Alaric I; or the disintegration of the western legions following the death of Stilicho in 408. Many scholars disdain the term â€Å"fall†, preferring to describe what was happening as a â€Å"complex transformation†. The Wikipedia entry while seeming to dwell inordinately on a specific time or date of the fall is in actuality providing the researcher with a varied primer on the myriad theories which attend the question of historical dates of the Roman Empires fall.            Though the tone of the Wikipedia entry is scholarly, the lengthy digressions and somewhat scattered patterns of information make the entry less streamlined than a typical encyclopedia entry. In addition, the numerous off-site links and cross-references can prove to be distractive. And although the Wikipedia entry itself closely resembles scholarly writing there can be no assurance regarding the veracity of off-site links.            The most obvious bias that is apparent in the Wikipedia entry is resounding insistence that there is a date of collapse for the Roman Empire. The entry cites Edward Gibbon who argues the Roman population lost its way by allowing the Germanic tribes and other barbarian mercenaries a greater role in defending its interests. Gibbon claims Christianity was a contributing factor as well, turning the populations attention to other-worldly as opposed to here-and-now events.            Rather than examine contradictory theories in detail, the Wikipedia entry consumjes most of its energy revealing the survey of theories which argue for a date of collapse for the Roma Empire. Wikipedia surveys the â€Å"Pirenne Thesis†, wherein Henri Pirenne argued the Empire continued until the Muslim conquests in the 7th century, which disrupted Mediterranean trade routes and depressed the European economy. Pirenne sees the crowning of the Frankish King Charlemagne as the first Holy Roman Emperor in 800 as a continuation of the Empire.            But it is J. B. Bury’s contention in his â€Å"History of the Later Roman Empire†which receives critical attention in the Wikipedia article. His theory is that what amounted to a â€Å"perfect storm†of events combined to spell the downfall of the Empire:            *Economic decline            *Germanic expansion in the population and military            *De-population of Italy            *The treason of Stilicho            *The murder of Aetius and the lack of a leader to replace him            Bury says the Empire could have survived any of these events separately, but could not overcome the convergence of them.            William Carroll Bark’s â€Å"Origins of the Medieval World†reasons that basic economics was the Empire’s undoing. As a pre-cursor to feudalism, the tenant farmer’s obligation was to pay a fixed assessment of taxes on his grain supply. The oppressive taxes kept the farmers impoverished and unlikely to move into the more prosperous middle class. In fact, what middle class there was was forced to become collectors of the taxes for the inefficient central government. Government coffers suffered as a result. Also, the scarcity of gold late in the Empire made matters worse. Inflation of the currency in relation to its value in gold resulted in more people demanding payment in gold. The government’s cash-flow problems required them to seek cheaper mercenaries as defenders.            Radovan Richta says technology contributed to the Empire’s demise. The Germanic invention of the horseshoe and use of the new Chinese compass allowed mercenaries quicker access to Roman defenses.            Arnold Toynbee and James Burke also examine economic causes at the root of the Empire’s fall. The Romans had no budgetary system and wasted available resources as a result. The economy was basically based on plunder rather than production of new goods, and that declined along with territorial expansion. Landowners were exempt from taxation, making revenue production inefficient and unfair. The middle-class, the backbone of any free economy, was nearly non-existent. Exports were scarce. Military and bureaucratic costs increased. In overthrowing Romulus Augustus, the barbarian conqueror Odoacer assumed neither the title nor the responsibility of governance.            William H. McNeill in â€Å"Plagues and Peoples†notes a 20-year-long plague in the late second century killed half of Europe’s population. The reduced tax base was unable to support the government and military and the resultant economic and social decline also killed the Empire.              Further theories of the cause of collapse proliferate through the Wikipedia article. So much so that one begins to feel that each sub-section of the article has been contributed by an enthusiast of that particularly pet-theory, sacrificing a general tone of scholarship for a tone of specificity and personal expertise. Examples of this include Wikipedias survey of Peter Heathers theory: that the threat posed by the Sassanid Persian Empire has been overlooked as a cause for the Roman Empires fall. He used archaeological evidence to suggest the Romans were stretched militarily by their preoccupation with the Persians, allowing a succession of Huns, Goths, and Germanic barbarians access to their territory.            A researcher who is searching for a very good primer regarding the abundance of theories which exist in scholarship to examine the historicism of the Roman Empires fall will find excellent information in the Wikipedia article, as a general and unverified outline of the scholarship. However, a deep-researcher would probably find the entry inconsistent, erratic, and of little value for serious scholarship as a go-to source; rather the Wikipedia seems to serve better as a thumbnail sketch of info and links to other sources of potential value. REFERENCE            The Fall of the Roman Empire. wikipedia.com. Retrieved from the Internet March 16, 2007.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
George Babbitt of Sinclair Lewis Babbitt Essay -- Lewis Babbitt Essay
George Babbitt: Image of a Presbyterian      In Babbitt, Sinclair Lewis portrays religion as a corrupt business. In fact, he emphasizes this by focusing on his main character George Babbitt. George Babbitt is characterized as a businessman in Zenith. He is a man preoccupied about his reputation and his image before the main leaders of the town he lives in. Lewis creates a hypocritical figure for Babbitt through his reasons for being a Presbyterian. He says that if you were to question Babbitt about his religion he would say, "My religion is to serve my fellow men, to honor my brother as myself, and to do my bit to make life happier for one and for all" (199). Of course, if you heard this from Babbitt you would have the idea that Babbitt was a true Presbyterian. Lewis says that if you were to persist with the same question Babbitt would then reply, "I'm a member of the Presbyterian Church, and naturally, I accept its doctrines" (199). This would make B abbitt look even better. Being from the Presbyterian Church, the richest church in Zenith, he would be a man well set with good morals. However, Lewis points at G. Babbitt's true reasons for being in the Presbyterian Church. He was really a Presbyterian for his reputation. By participating in the services of the Presbyterian Church, Babbitt was able to hide his human flaws and give himself an image of a respectable man (Lewis 199).             George Babbitt was asked by Dr. Drew to help improve the Sunday School at Zenith. Lewis shows that Babbitt's acceptance to carry out this task was done to form a business relationship with Mr. Eathorne, the president of the First State Bank of Zenith. "Nothing gave Babbitt more purifica... ...nd money  Works Cited  Lewis, Sinclair. Babbitt. New York: Signet, 1922. Miller, Park Hays. Why I am a Presbyterian. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1956. "PCUSA clergy, laity, differ on gambling." Christian Century 13 Sept. 2000     <http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1058/25_117/65702740/print.jhtml>. "The Presbyterian General Assembly." The Christian Century 17 June 1926: 784-789. Scanlon, Leslie. "Council will be asked to cut $2.5 million from budget; Reducing frequency of     Assemblies endorsed." Outlook 29 Jan. 2002     <http://vivisimo.com/search?query=%22Presbyterian+Church+U.S.A%22+%2B+expenditur-     es&v%3Asources=Fast%2COD%2CMSN%2Clooksmart%2Cnetscape>. Smith, Elwyn A. The Presbyterian Ministry in American Culture. Philadelphia: Westminister     Press, 1962.  George Babbitt of Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt Essay -- Lewis Babbitt Essay George Babbitt: Image of a Presbyterian      In Babbitt, Sinclair Lewis portrays religion as a corrupt business. In fact, he emphasizes this by focusing on his main character George Babbitt. George Babbitt is characterized as a businessman in Zenith. He is a man preoccupied about his reputation and his image before the main leaders of the town he lives in. Lewis creates a hypocritical figure for Babbitt through his reasons for being a Presbyterian. He says that if you were to question Babbitt about his religion he would say, "My religion is to serve my fellow men, to honor my brother as myself, and to do my bit to make life happier for one and for all" (199). Of course, if you heard this from Babbitt you would have the idea that Babbitt was a true Presbyterian. Lewis says that if you were to persist with the same question Babbitt would then reply, "I'm a member of the Presbyterian Church, and naturally, I accept its doctrines" (199). This would make B abbitt look even better. Being from the Presbyterian Church, the richest church in Zenith, he would be a man well set with good morals. However, Lewis points at G. Babbitt's true reasons for being in the Presbyterian Church. He was really a Presbyterian for his reputation. By participating in the services of the Presbyterian Church, Babbitt was able to hide his human flaws and give himself an image of a respectable man (Lewis 199).             George Babbitt was asked by Dr. Drew to help improve the Sunday School at Zenith. Lewis shows that Babbitt's acceptance to carry out this task was done to form a business relationship with Mr. Eathorne, the president of the First State Bank of Zenith. "Nothing gave Babbitt more purifica... ...nd money  Works Cited  Lewis, Sinclair. Babbitt. New York: Signet, 1922. Miller, Park Hays. Why I am a Presbyterian. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1956. "PCUSA clergy, laity, differ on gambling." Christian Century 13 Sept. 2000     <http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1058/25_117/65702740/print.jhtml>. "The Presbyterian General Assembly." The Christian Century 17 June 1926: 784-789. Scanlon, Leslie. "Council will be asked to cut $2.5 million from budget; Reducing frequency of     Assemblies endorsed." Outlook 29 Jan. 2002     <http://vivisimo.com/search?query=%22Presbyterian+Church+U.S.A%22+%2B+expenditur-     es&v%3Asources=Fast%2COD%2CMSN%2Clooksmart%2Cnetscape>. Smith, Elwyn A. The Presbyterian Ministry in American Culture. Philadelphia: Westminister     Press, 1962. Â
Thursday, October 24, 2019
Essay --
ResearchTopic: Increased incidence of pressure ulcer cases. Researchable problem: What are the reasons for increases rate of pressure ulcers in WMW that is unknown? Problem statement: What are the effects of increased pressure ulcers on patient over the disease they were admitted for? Purpose: To determine the impact of increased rate of pressure ulcers to patients in Women’s Medical Ward in Labasa hospital. A Four- step Approach: What factors influence pressure ulcer patients that will enhance on mobility and self-care? What is the relationship between pressure ulcer and mobility? Will self-care and mobility decrease the number and severity of pressure ulcer patients? How can emotional support be used to mediate the suffering of patients with pressure ulcers? A Two-stage Approach: Who is the patient’s most suffering from pressure ulcers? What causes the risk having pressure ulcers? When do patients are prone to have and where do most pressure ulcers occur? Why do patients suffer from increased pressure ulcers? Refined Problem Statement: What are the effects and risk factors to have increased rate of pressure ulcers on patient ? Hypothesis: Increased incidence of pressure ulcers among immobilizing patient than mobilizing patient in Women’s Medical Ward. Pressure ulcer is defined as damage to the underlying tissue due to lesion caused by unrelieved pressure. In this there are reasons for pressure ulcers occurring hence the risk factors the adverse effects to pressure ulcer. Literature review 1 Causes of pressure ulcers Citation: Workman, B. A., & Bennett, C. L. (2003). Key nursing skills. UK: Bell and Bain ltd, 85-87 In this study the researcher examined about the third problem arising in a patient that was studied upo... ...is, decubitus ulcers with systemic. To relief of pressure and reduce the susceptibility of pressure ulcers due to circulatory interference with the arterial blood supply or venous return. By changing the patient’s position frequently, as often as every 2 hours.To reduce constant pressure on a body part. To maintain the skin integrity dressings are to be changed frequently to prevent damage to the skin. As it is discussed due to immobility of patient is one of the risk factor of this complication together with poor nutrition status hence protecting the skin from damage and managing the incontinence as well as proper diet and nutrition is discussed as an early intervention as one of the preventative measures rather than suffering the consequences .In this due to immobility is accentuated as one of the most paramount factors relating to development of pressure sores.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Hardness of Water Essay
The hardness of water was determined using the methods of titration, conductivity, and pH analysis. The mean and uncertainty of CaCO3 is 134 ±36.0 ppm. An error that could have potentially happened could be that the equivalence point was not correctly established causing inaccurate data. BACKGROUND: 1In hard water there is a high amount of mineral content present in the water. Most of the mineral content that is present in water are Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Even though hard water does affect a person’s health, hard water can still have harmful effects in an industrial environment, appliances in a household setting, and certain cleaning task. 2For example, when hard water repeatedly goes through pipes, the water causes deposits that eventually build up and clog the pipes. When cleaning dishes the presence of hard water can be detected when a layer of film is present on the dishes. Soap becomes less effective when hard water is present because the soap will bond with the minerals in the water. PROCEDURE: Hirko, R. Chemistry 112L General Chemistry I Laboratory, Seventh Edition; bluedoor: Minnetonka, MN, 2013 RESULTS: Table 1. Ca2+/Mg2+ in tap water via EDTA titration. Table 1 results were determined by pH analysis and EDTA titration. The moles of EDTA was found by using the EDTA concentration of 0.025 mol/L. Table 2. Conductivity probe calibration Figure 1. Conductivity of standard NaCl using conductivity probes. 1†³H2OKits.com Water Blog.†Negative Effects of Hard Water. H20 Kits, 16 Sept. 2008. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. 2†Water Hardness.†Water Hardness. Freshwatersystems, n.d. Web. 12 Oct. 2013. DISCUSSION: The mean and uncertainty for CaCO3 for tap water was determined to be 134 ±36.0 ppm. For the EDTA titration trial 2 and trial 3 had the same results of 125 ppm compared to trial 1, which had a higher ppm of 150. The readings for the hardness of water for the 3 different trials are not similar and differ in values. The CaCO3 value for the volumetric data was 134 ppm, the value for NaCl was 180 ppm, and the value for 442 was 248 ppm. The hardness of water can never be definitive because the water in Brookings may be different than the water in Sioux Falls. If it was possible to always have the same amount of mineral concentration then it would be definitive. Errors that could that potentially happened is when titrating it was difficult to tell when the equivalence point actually occurred, causing more or less amount of EDTA to present. Not knowing the when the equivalence point actually occurred would cause inaccurate values because the volume would be incorrect. Another error could be that the magnetic stirrer was spinning fast enough to mix the solution properly. This would cause excess EDTA to be present causing inaccurate results. An improvement for this lab would be test different hard water sources rather than just one faucet.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Std Prevention Essays - Midwifery, RTT, Prevention Of HIVAIDS
Std Prevention Essays - Midwifery, RTT, Prevention Of HIVAIDS Std Prevention Abstinence And STD Prevention Todays world is full of worries and problems which did not affect teens a generation ago. New problems keep appearing in todays world, such as STDs, increased pregnancy rates, and other factors facing teens who choose to have sex. Emotionally and physically teens and getting less developed before having sex and are not prepared for the serious problems which come along with their decision to have sex. No longer is it a matter which will just go away if we ignore it, but teen health and the health of our society depend on choices which todays teens make regarding sex. With so many diseases and problems facing todays world, abstinence is the only way to protect ourselves. Abstinence is a safe choice in preventing the possibility of pregnancy. One-tenth of young women between the ages of 15 and 19 get pregnant every year, 83 percent of these pregnancies are unwanted or unplanned. Half of the unmarried teens who get pregnant do so within six months of their first sexual experience. In fact, between 1986 and 1990, teen childbearing increased by 16 percent. Whats worse, pregnant teenagers often dont see a doctor until the time of delivery. Another serious problem surrounding teen sexual intercourse is the probability of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Each year, three million teens are infected with STDs. Among 14- to 20-year-olds, chlamydia is the most common. It has no obvious symptoms, and can cause infertility if left untreated. Another common disease is herpes, which causes sores and painful swelling of the genitals. Its symptoms can be managed, but not cured. Fifteen percent of all teenage girls carry the virus that causes genital warts, another common STD. Gonorrhea, not uncommon in teens, is known to cause pelvic pain, discharge, and painful urination. It may leave its victims sterile. Perhaps even more serious is the disease Syphilis, which killed famous mobster Al Capone. It causes sores, rashes, brain and organ damage, and death. It can also harm an unborn child. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a growing danger, and is by far the most serious sexually transmitted disease. AIDS is the sixth leading cause of death among 15- to 24-year-olds. Cases among teens have grown 62 percent in the past two years, and the number of teens with AIDS doubles every 14 months. A fifth of all AIDS victims in this country today are in their twenties, and since the disease takes two to ten years to develop, those victims contracted it in their teenage years. Even scarier is that, according to a study of 19 universities, one in 500 college students may carry the AIDS virus. With these frightening statistics, it's easy to see why many teens are choosing not to have sex. Many bold teenagers think they can totally avoid pregnancy and STDs by using various forms of contraceptives. However, while it does lessen the chances of disease and unwanted pregnancy, birth control is not always dependable. Although sex my bring appeal to our generation, the best way to prevent teen pregnancy and STDs is by practicing abstinence. Hopefully before any more people are infected by some of these deadly diseases, kids will get the idea that being safe and practicing abstinence is the best way to go.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Review Example
Review Example Review – Coursework Example 2 May Review A review of information technology evolution identifies developments into convenient knowledge creation. Some of the steps to research are no longer necessary because of such applications as Big Data. Similarly, social media has expanded information source and improved availability of data. However, reliability of data from the sources and results from such data remains questionable. The case of Twiter maps is an example and notes lack of information on some aspects such as geographical areas as well as inaccuracies in available data. CAI system supports this by demonstrating unreliability of data from the contemporary state of technology. Even though the system offers multiple services such as infrastructure mapping, data collection, and data analysis, its unreliability can be costly to professions in which resources are expensive and time is scarce. Such a challenge remains a valid concern because of the dynamic environment while testing reliability of a system may req uire time and the system may have undergone numerous changes before testing is complete. Land (166) shares in the unreliability concern that is significant to the medical sector and the significance can be inferred to other sectors. In addition, growing reliance on data and research for industrial decisions establishes significance of technology in data collection and usage and supports significance of unreliability of systems. In order to use the systems, their reliability must be ascertained or at least be estimated in order to inform corrective measures and ensure confidence in ultimate decisions. Measures for ensuring reliability of technologies, and by extension validity, are therefore necessary and inform the following question.How can reliability and validity of technologies be ascertained and improved? Works citedLand, E. Information technology in health science education. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. Print.
Sunday, October 20, 2019
What is Christian ethics Research Paper Example
What is Christian ethics Research Paper Example What is Christian ethics Paper What is Christian ethics Paper The term ethics deals with what is morally right or wrong. Christian ethics therefore, deals with what is morally right or wrong for a Christian. There are several distinguishing characteristics of Christian ethics, each of which play a vital role to its analysis. Some Christians will base their ethics solely on the Bible and its teachings, others will base their ethics on the biblical teachings but also on Church tradition and Natural Law, others will follow a Situation or virtue ethics approach and others will look to their conscience as a guide. Christian ethics is based on Gods will and is a form of divine command position. However, God never wills anything contrary to his unchanging moral character. The ethical imperatives that God gives are in accord with his unchangeable moral character. That is, God wills what is right in accordance with his own morals Be Holy because I am Holy. Christians believe the scriptures transmit the Word of God: this gives them authority. The weight of authority given to the Bible is dependent on what exactly a Christian believes about the books. Some Christians believe that humans were inspired by God to write down the scriptures which means the writings are related to the time and culture when they were recorded and may contain human errors. This makes them a useful source of guidance to people but does not make their contents absolute. Others believe the Bible contains Gods words handed down directly to humans. This makes these writings divine and makes them the highest authority their rules and codes are absolute. The New Testament has particular importance for Christians because it records the teachings of Jesus, whom Christians regard as Gods Son sent to earth to save humanity. They also believe it is essential to follow Jesus teachings if they are to be saved. The Divine Command theory is a strong part of Christian ethics as it poses a vital belief the argument is that something is good simply because God commands it and for no other reason. This is one side of Euthyphros dilemma and states that we cannot apply reason or verify it in any way. For example, if God were to command a cruel dishonest action such as murdering an innocent man then it would be right simply because he commanded it. Many Christian thinkers, including Aquinas and more recently William Temple, have rejected the Divine Command Theory because they say some things are innately good or bad. Temple said, In its nature, the moral judgement is quite wholly independent of religion. The Roman Catholic Church accounts for the majority of Christians in the world, and is the largest religious organisation of any religion. Within Catholic theology, Natural Law holds a dominant position. Aquinas has emphasised reason as a tool for showing that certain acts are intrinsically right or wrong, as they go against true purpose; certain absolutes, such as sanctity of life, cannot be changed by the circumstances. The Church encourages a range of different approaches, but when it comes to official church teaching, the vast majority of statements, encyclicals etc. are strongly in-line with Natural Law. Within other denominations, Natural Law theology still has a significant impact. Many Christians adopt deontological positions and think we should act according to Gods design or purpose for our lives. They may be less influenced by Aquinas in this, and Protestants tend to be less sure about moral absolutes. However, there is still a strong sense of following rules within most Christian denominations. Christians believe Natural Law is God-given and as such has authority in the formulation of an ethical code. Catholics also consider that conscience plays an important part in Christian ethical decision-making. Here conscience is not seen as some inner voice which will point us in the right direction but something of reason and judgement. Christians regard their conscience as the ultimate guide for making moral decisions because it was given to them by God and represents the voice of the Holy Spirit within them. Prayer worship and the teaching of the Church also assist the conscience, which Aquinas described as reason-making moral decisions. Very liberal Protestants may have a situationist approach to Christian ethics. Situation ethics presumes it is not necessary to abandon moral autonomy, nor is it necessary to act in an antinomianistic or legalistic way. In any situation people need to avoid subjectivism and individualism, and to use the moral rules of the community, but they should set these aside if love is better served by doing so, therefore being based on the Christian principle of agape unconditional love. Joseph Fletcher explained this theory in his book about situation ethics and it became apparent that he believed that love always takes the priority, even over laws against lying, stealing, adultery and murder. For example, this could be applied in a situation where it would be wrong to use someone for sexual pleasure as there was no love involved. Virtue ethics is also an important source for Christian ethics. Instead of focusing on acts or ends, virtue theory holds that people should think about becoming better people, and prescribes qualities which constitute goodness. So while a utilitarian seeks to bring about the end with the greatest good for the greatest number, and Aquinas encouraged people to do actions which accorded with the natural law and avoid those which didnt, virtue theorists encourage people to look to self-improvement. This links to love as being the highest of all virtues and also the rationale for all virtues but just in different circumstances. The virtues, for Christian ethics point towards the goal for which we aim, even if we do not achieve it in life. In conclusion, it is evident that Christians set out to follow the Will of God. They use various sources of authority to discover what the Will of God is and I have mentioned these different types of foundations of the religion in my essay which has proved that whilst most Christians would recognise them as sources of authority, they are likely to place a different emphasis on their relative importance.
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Turnover Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Turnover - Research Paper Example = $ 2,059,200+ $ 187,200 = $ 2,246,400 The Administrative staff Turn Over Cost: 1- Administration turnover per year = 2 2- Number of Interviews to be conducted for one Administrative staff recruitment = 2* 3 = 6 3- Time taken in each interview = 45 min + 20 min = 65 min per interview 4- Total time required to be spent on Administrative staff turn over interviews = number of interviews * time of interview * hourly cost of interview = 6* [65/60] * $ 18 = $ 117 5- Total cost of Administration Staff for the University of Mellencamp = Hourly rate payment + Benefits + turn over cost = $ 2,059,200+ $ 187,200 + $ 117 = $ 2,246,517 Cost of Support Staff: Assumption: The working hours for an employee of the University of Mellencamp are 8 hours per day and the University works 5 days per week. e. Present Support Staff = 1200 f. Number of working hours in a week = 40 g. Therefore, working hours in a year of 52 weeks = 52*40 = 2080 hours h. So, cost of Support Staff to University of Mellencamp = Hours of work * Hourly rate* number of Support Staff = 2080 * $ 12 * 1200 = $ 29,952,000 (ii) Benefits to Support Staff = 2080 * $ 5* 1200 = $ 12,480,000 (iii) Cost of Support Staff = Payment of Hourly rate + Payment of benefits = $ 29,952,000 + $ 12,480,000= $ 42,432,000 The Support Staff Turn Over Cost for the University of Mellencamp 5- Support Staff turnover per year = 65 6- Number of Interviews to be conducted for one Support Staff recruitment = 65*2 = 130 7- Time taken in each interview = 45 min + 20 min = 65 min per interview 8- Total time required to be spent on Support Staff turn over interviews = number of interviews * time of interview * hourly cost of interview = 130* [65/60] * $ 18 = $ 2,535 5- Total...If more details of University courses being taught are made available it could help the decision making more viable. The above being the actual turnover position of the University of Mellencamp it is essential that the institution has to rethink on the points arrived as recommendations above. The activities of the institution will become cost effective only if radical changes are implemented with immediate effect.
Friday, October 18, 2019
Executive Brief Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Executive Brief Assignment - Essay Example It is thus important to ensure an organization has the ability to provide the necessary training before implementing any new programs and processes to their employees. Issue The 1990s saw several forces shaping HRM’s broad field. New technologies- information technology in particular, led to communications’ decentralization and the shaking up of on hand paradigms of organizational theory and human interaction. Computers, fax machines, satellite communications, as well as networking systems were the earlier changes experienced by the business world in terms of technology. Today, systems have become more sophisticated, aimed at the efficiency and productivity of a particular organization. As the sophistication heightens, the challenges faced by these organizations when introducing these systems to employees are also on the rise. Introducing any form of technology in any organization faces many challenges, some of which include: Lacking executive support Project resources which are minimal Little employee buy-in Limited company budgets Discussion and Analysis The market environment is becoming more competitive and constantly changing the role played by the Human Resource Manager hence the recognition that Human Resource Management should play a role that is more strategic for any organization’s success. ... Within an environment such as this, the HR expert must grasp how to effectively manage through organizing, planning, controlling and leading the human resource as well as being knowledgeable of up-and-coming employee development and training trends. Discussion and Analysis One critical problem companies face is going for technology with stretched budgets. This could be a potential reason for backfiring implementations. Each organization has entirely different requirements hence cannot implement systems based on what other organizations may have done. Going fully fledged technology may not be advisable unless mandatory for an organization. Since any form of technology in an organization requires huge investment in monetary terms as well as time wise, resources spent will be justifiable only if optimally utilized. Technology depends entirely on the operation’s scope, nature of business, and like details. Infusion of required and partial functions for any system still remains a c hallenge and thus the company may seek the advice of a consultant during the planning stages. Paul Allen of Project Management Institute explains that â€Å"80 percent of new software applications and 67 percent of reengineering efforts are abandoned or fail to meet deadlines or the projected cost benefits†. To steer clear of these statistics, there is need to understand how any technology implementation affects various areas in an organization and how much planning is needed for success. A highly crucial aspect of HRM is evaluation and measuring of program results. In addition to evaluating the internal features of programs of HRM, companies must also assess the programs’ effectiveness by the impact on business success over ally. In other terms, companies need to link their HRM methods to
How Restorative Justice is used in the UK Essay
How Restorative Justice is used in the UK - Essay Example Restorative justice provides victims with such an opportunity. They are able to encounter the offender through arrangements made by the police or restorative justice officers. The main purpose of restorative justice is ensuring that both the victim and the offender cooperate in repairing the harm resulting from the crime. All the stakeholders must be willing to participate actively if restorative justice is to be effective. The United Kingdom embraces restorative justice to ensure the restoration of justice. Restorative justice highlights that serving justice requires the victims to undergo a restoration process that helps them get over the incident. In addition, the offenders need to embrace responsibility for their crimes recognizing the emotional harm they cause to their victims. In the community, restorative justice serves to maintain public order. There are different programs designed to make restorative justice effective, as this paper will highlight. More specifically, the pap er will discuss how restorative justice is in use in the Youth Justice Board in prisons and in the issuing of dispersal orders. The paper will consider the use of the restorative justice in Northern Ireland. In the United Kingdom, restorative justice relies on programs such as victim-offender mediation, conferencing, victim assistance, community service, ex-offender assistance, and restitution. The different restorative programs ensure that offenders, victims, and members of the community can have an encounter that allows them to discuss the process of the crime and its impacts. In addition, the different programs present the offenders with an opportunity to play a critical role in repairing the harms caused by the crime. The restorative programs facilitate the integration of offenders into the society. Restorative justice programs also promote inclusion of ex-offenders in community projects. Restorative justice can take place during any stage of the justice system. In some
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Situating convenience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Situating convenience - Assignment Example This is because the stock of the product is moving fast as compared to the other products in the store. The target group for this product is almost everybody. This is because everyone, with the exception of the young ones who cannot eat by themselves, uses it. The product has a wide range of market in various countries worldwide. The product is promoted through almost all the media outlets. The product is promoted on the radio, television, and the social media. The television is the best mode of promoting a product because the consumers are shown how the product is cooked and served. This through demonstration by experienced cooking experts. Through this demonstration, the customers will be attracted to buy and use the product. In addition, the company producing a product is using their website and social media web pages like facebook and twitter to advertise and promote the product. This is because the digital media is applicable in all fields today. Everyone in the society is registered in one or all the social media web pages. The company will attract the attention of many customers through this kind of advertisement. Moreover, the accessibility of the internet in various ways like cybercafà ©s, phones, and computers will enable many people to access the websites of the company. In the website, the users or customers will be able to access various favorites of the products, how they are used and cooked. The customers will be going to the market after getting the knowledge of the product from the social media or other media outlets. The goal of the product is to satisfy all the users using the product. This is through the efforts of the company to produce as many products as possible to satisfy the needs of all customers worldwide. In addition, the product is making the consumers have a balanced diet in the meals. This is because the consumer cannot use type of food for some time as it can cause
Educational percptions of studying leisure and tourism Essay
Educational percptions of studying leisure and tourism - Essay Example Research shows that "one reason why young people drop out of college and university is that they haven't chosen a subject that really interests them" (How can parents and careers help to make Vocational education and success 2007). For students within the age range of 14 to 19 understanding Applied Leisure and Tourism, and learning Leisure and Tourism, as a vocational curriculum, offers wider and attractive employment opportunity. Developing awareness and an understanding of general professional issues, in Leisure and Tourism, is crucial in vocational curriculum. Leisure and recreation management is a unique and expansive field for young aspirants of vocational education, which covers many sectors, including sport and fitness, adventure and outdoor tourism, wilderness and national park recreation, even and facility management, and community recreation. As the hotel and hospitality industry moves increasingly from a skill-based to a knowledge-based industry, "higher learning has becom e increasingly critical to opening career doors and helping managers to be fully attuned to the culture, service and competitive aspects of the sector" (Why study Tourism and Leisure Management. 2007). In this perspective whether the educational approach and present curricula meet the requirements of students and employers calls for a critical review. Empowering students to take responsibility for their own learning and personal development is the proper approach of any vocational education. It is also found that "encouragement from parents and carers can make all the difference to a young person's future" as young people drop out of college and university because they haven't chosen a subject that really interests them and parents could help them to choose the subject that motivates them to learn. (How can parents and careers help to make Vocational education and success 2007). To achieve this objective, education modules should be formulated to assess the skills of students, and their attributes the employers look for in such graduates. Major attributes the employers look for are teamwork skills, communication skills, reflection and problem solving skill, giving and receiving feedback, negotiating skills, and responsibility for their own learning. Literary reviews in this respect reveal that "Knowledge and expertise based on exp eriences of combining education, learning and real business activities, are still rarely shared and transferred in modern European education" (Barnes, 2005, p.20). With this realization the government of UK is "considering replacing the current A-level system with an English baccalaureate" with GCSEs as the government's strategy for 14 to 19 year olds. It "will see the cutting back of the curriculum to make space for pupils who want to opt for vocational lessons," so that youngsters disaffected with academic subjects will be able to learn craft skills in an effort to motivate pupils to stay in education. (Vocational options for bored pupils. 2003). The latest proposals for a relevant curriculum envisage that "by offering 14-year-olds the chance to study
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Situating convenience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Situating convenience - Assignment Example This is because the stock of the product is moving fast as compared to the other products in the store. The target group for this product is almost everybody. This is because everyone, with the exception of the young ones who cannot eat by themselves, uses it. The product has a wide range of market in various countries worldwide. The product is promoted through almost all the media outlets. The product is promoted on the radio, television, and the social media. The television is the best mode of promoting a product because the consumers are shown how the product is cooked and served. This through demonstration by experienced cooking experts. Through this demonstration, the customers will be attracted to buy and use the product. In addition, the company producing a product is using their website and social media web pages like facebook and twitter to advertise and promote the product. This is because the digital media is applicable in all fields today. Everyone in the society is registered in one or all the social media web pages. The company will attract the attention of many customers through this kind of advertisement. Moreover, the accessibility of the internet in various ways like cybercafà ©s, phones, and computers will enable many people to access the websites of the company. In the website, the users or customers will be able to access various favorites of the products, how they are used and cooked. The customers will be going to the market after getting the knowledge of the product from the social media or other media outlets. The goal of the product is to satisfy all the users using the product. This is through the efforts of the company to produce as many products as possible to satisfy the needs of all customers worldwide. In addition, the product is making the consumers have a balanced diet in the meals. This is because the consumer cannot use type of food for some time as it can cause
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
DNA Evidence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
DNA Evidence - Research Paper Example The research on DNA evidence started showing significant improvement by the 20th century. DNA evidence became widespread and it became a problem-solving tool for immigration disputes, refining the assay, resolving specimen identity, detecting genetic differences and identifying criminals; thus, the need for DNA identity testing became significant. Historically, DNA evidence began in the forensic field when ABO blood group was used as a system in providing evidence of crime issues. Later, the paternity identification that based on serum protein variation became commonly used. However, it was not until when Jeffrey became a pioneer of DNA based identity testing. DNA evidence became common in federal courts, and the first DNA evidence was carried out in the court case of Andrews Vs., Florida in 1988 (Newton, 2008). Many states started adopting DNA evidence in order to identify crime issues as a way of maintaining criminal justice. DNA evidence started evolving as an effective technique of providing proof over crimes issues. It is used up to present in many areas including clinical applications for testing identity, and also solving paternity issues in case of child denial or resolving specimen identity; thus determining the origin of mishandled specimens. The major sources of DNA evidence include semen, bone, blood, skin cells, hair, teeth, urine, tissue, saliva, feces, and vomit. First, blood is one of the main sources of DNA evidence. The substrate in which bloodstain is found can determine the DNA testing; thus providing effective evidence in case of homicide or any other crimes issues. Blood contains some substances that may hamper successful DNA testing process; thus, these substances can be removed through purification methods (Parks, 2010). DNA profiling is the only way through which scientists can be able to stain of a given blood mixture. Through DNA testing, one can be able to determine in case specimen are from the same or different sexes. Semen is anot her source of DNA testing. The semen stains can be analyzed and examined as well as tested through conventional methods in order to provide the required evidence. Sperm cell staining can help in determining in case the stain is the outcome of vaginal drainage. This will enable scientists to determine the rape cases through DNA analysis of semen stains. Moreover, body tissues, saliva and hair roots are among the major sources of DNA evidence. DNA strand isolation from body tissues can help in achieving the intended goals of DNA evidence. DNA survival can be found in teeth or dense bones. The remains of body tissues that have been scattered by either gunshot or trauma can adhere to the bullet; thus, they can sometimes yield sufficient DNA testing. There are some treated tissues by use of the chemical treatment known as formaldehyde and embalming. DNA testing can be successful in both tissues. For instance, a body of a person killed and buried for many years can still yield better resu lts when used in carrying out DNA evidence. Hair roots can be the legitimate source of DNA evidence, but they are not effective in regular forensic use. Saliva can be taken from penile marks, bite marks, bottles and cigarette butts found in the crime scene. Despite the exciting promise of DNA technology, DNA evidence poses some problems.
Manpower Planning Essay Example for Free
Manpower Planning Essay In manpower planning Analyzing the current manpower plan Reviewing utilization Finding out current demand Finding out future supply Finally developing a manpower plan The MDI campus Is lush green and has a dedicated area for various Indoor sports and leisure activities Each leisure area requires a dedicated gardener and each such garden/lawn requires manpower planning to estimate the number of gardeners required in the area. Thorough analysis we concluded that the present number of Gardeners are somewhat overstaffed. The staffing is more appropriate during monsoon and rainy season when there is an overgrowth of grass. In other seasons the number of gardeners required is lesser. We interviewed a number of gardeners to ascertain their working habits and methodologies. The findings are documented below: 2. 3. 4. 5. Primary Job: Trimming grasses pruning bushes Secondary Jobs: Keeping the bushes and the plantation in order Soil upkeep and enrichment Cleanliness of the gardens and lawns Pesticide spraying New plantation and expansion of green area Primary analysis results: 1 . Gardeners are normally late and they also are not in their full capacity. At any given time not all the gardeners employed are present. 2. Working hours: 40 hours a week 5 days. 3. Overtime, if required is taken cared of. 4. All the gardeners have one supervisor whom they report to. 5. Few gardeners are cross skilled and may work across domains 6. Each gardener has the same salary which is around 6500 Per month Page 4 The gardens are of three types according to their function: 1 . Sport grounds- 2 namely Golf Course and Football grounds 2. Utility Lawns- 3 namely the Inland Greens, the lawn near CM/Odyssey and Library Greens 3. Leisure lawns- 5 namely the lawns near Lash, the lawn inside Scholars Building, Directors Bungalow and the Staff Quarters and the lawns at the main gate Garden/ Lawn Number of Golf Course Football ground hours/day Reek. 26 Gardeners Reek. 4. 5 3. 5 Inland Greens 21 9 3 2 Lawns at main gate Lawns near CM/ Odyssey Lawns near Lash 14 2. 5 0. 5 Lawn inside Scholars Bungalow Lawns near Staff Quarters 8 1. 5 6 10 Cost analysis We estimated that the manpower planning be done according to the seasonal variations. During off seasons the cross skilled gardeners can be accommodated in other works whereas during on season these same gardeners can be taken back into the gardening work. In this way MDI can optimism the utilization of each gardener even better. Page 5 Recommendations We recommend a change in the number of gardeners required as we promote cross killing of gardeners and each gardener would be then better utilized, the number we came up with was 23 gardeners. The current number of gardeners present are 24 gardeners. Thus, the final number according to us comes out to be 23 gardeners.
Monday, October 14, 2019
Definition of quality of life
Definition of quality of life CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL STUDY 2.1 Introduction Chapter two discusses the theoretical aspect in quality of life. In addition, the description of the Orang Asli community will also be given to providing a better understanding of this community. This is because quality of life has become one of government main agenda in developing the countries. This chapter will explain relation with quality of life and Orang Asli community. The reasons are quality of life always related with the studies at urban areas meanwhile studies about quality of life at rural area is rarely done. That is the reason on choosing a Orang Asli community as a subject of study because Orang Asli community are usually located at the rural area and remote area. Other than that, Orang Asli community always said to live in a backward and lagging behind compare to other races in Malaysia. Therefore, the understanding of quality of life and Orang Asli should be suppressed in chapter two. 2.2 Definition 2.2.1 Definition of Quality Of Life Quality of life is a subjective matter that difficult to be measured. So it is important to known the actual meaning of quality of life. The best ways of understanding is by separate the word of ‘quality of life. According to oxford dictionaries, ‘quality is standard of something as measured against other things of a similar kind which is the degree of excellence of something meanwhile ‘life bring stand for the period between the birth and death of a living thing , especially a human being. So quality of life actual meaning is degree of excellence of human being. According Lim Lan Yuan, Belinda Yuen and Christine Low (1999) in a book entitle ‘Quality Of Life in the Cities, quality of life is a multifaceted concept. Meaning of multifaceted is something that is wide. In this case it is because quality of life covers not only a material aspect such as level of living but also aspect of life such as a good health and level of education. In other words, Lim Lan Yuan, Belinda Yuen and Christine Low (1999) try to tell us that the quality of life cannot stand by itself. Types of result that may come from the research is depends on what respondents have experienced in their life. These three writers agreed that quality of life for respondent is according to location they live and work. This is the reason why quality of life for every person is different from one and another. Ramkrishna Mukherjee (1989) says that quality of life is concern about the living condition of the people. Ramkrishna (1989) use several approach to measure quality of life such as the standard and style of living. The standard of living for example is constructed from quantitative variation in the object of inquiry which is given by list of information items such as consumption of food, clothes, use of various kinds of durable goods like furniture and fitting, possession of item like radio, television and other housing amenities. Mark Rapley (2003) believes that the quality of life has been constructing from being a social scientific index of the relative well being of the whole population to being a measurable aspect of individual subjective experience. American sociologist James Q. Wilson (www.wordiq.com) mention the ‘Broken Window Theory, which asserts that relatively minor problems left unattended send a subliminal message that disorder in general is being tolerated, and as a result, more serious crimes as well end up being committed (the analogy being that a broken window left unrepaired show an image of generalized collapse). This theory tries to show that the condition of the environment gives the direct massage to people that that space or place is unsafe. These unsafe senses show that people are live in danger in that place and it directly show that their quality of life is in low level. One indicator that has been used to measure quality of life is level of happiness and when their fell that their life is in danger, they cannot reach the quality of life. This American sociologist tries to tell that physical environment can contribute to level of quality of life. Mark Rapley (2003) refers to Noll (2000) says the great society is concerned not with how much but with how good. It means that it is not with the quantity of goods but with the quality of their lives. Rapley (2003) also added that quality of life research is same as the welfare measurement. He defines that welfare is the subjective well being and the most important is the measure of the satisfaction and happiness. 2.2.2 Definition of Orang Asli Who is the Orang Asli? That is question that we must answers before we get to know this unique group. Orang Asli is a generic name given to the indigenous people living on Malay Peninsular. Other ethnic in Sabah and Sarawak is not taking into account of this Orang Asli group because these two states use the term â€Å"Sabah indigenous†and â€Å"Sarawak indigenous†. Eighteen ethnic group subgroups is fall in this category, which can be classified into three groups. These three groups are the Negrito, the Senoi and the Malayu Asli. This group is determined based on their language, livelihood and administrative purpose. The term Orang Asli is a Malay translation of the English word â€Å"aborigine†with ‘orangmeaning â€Å"human†and ‘asli meaning â€Å"original†or â€Å"traditional†. Orang Aslirefers to the indigenous peoples ofPeninsular Malaysia that not MalayMuslims, Malaysias main ethnic group. There were about 2.93 million orang asli in Malaysia in year 2006 (Malaysia Bulletin of Statistics issued on June 2006). They are the minority group because they make up just 11.8% of the national population. Nabuto Toshiro (2009) refers to Mohd. Tap (1990), pointed that the Malaysia government began using the Orang Asli term in 1996. Before that, the Orang Asli was variously described as the Biduanda, Jakun, Sakai, aborigines and other term. A. Baer (1999) in book entitle â€Å"Health, disease and survival: a biomedical and genetic analysis of the Orang Asli of Malaysia†tell early development activity that has been carry out by the government in developing the country is not considering the Orang Asli community. The development has taken Orang Asli formers and current land. This cause destruction to their natural resources and create a miserable life for Orang Asli community. There are attempt take by the government to fix this problem by give a small agricultures scheme. The main intention is to allow the Orang Asli community to do cash crop farming as the sources of economic and foods. Other than that, government also gives a minimal aids and land and expected that is enough to support their lives. This led Orang Asli community to lagged behind compare to other community in Malaysia. That is reasons on Orang Asli ethnic become the poorest of the poor. This shows that Orang Asli quality of life is at a low level due to they are economically poor. 2.2.3 Definition of rural area There are various definitions on rural area. According to Department of Statistic (2000), rural area is area that populated not more than 10,000 people. This population amount must according to the census of population and housing. Other than that, Malaysia Urban and Regional Planning Department also described rural area as area that located far from the urban area. Types of land use at rural area also characterise by the agricultural and natural resources such as forest. Next, rural area should consist with a settlement that cover all types of village and small settlement that not more than 10,000 people. Rural area can be categories into several factors which are: I. Population size II. Population density III. Urbanization levels IV. Level quality of life and public facilities (paved roads, electricity supply, water supply) Types of settlements that exist in rural area consist of traditional village, FELDA and FELCRA, Orang Asli village and other areas that cover under Regional Development Authority. 2.3 Conceptual and Philosophical issues of Quality of Life Concept on quality of life nowadays simply defined as a standard of living that has been received by individual or a community group. This standard of living concludes a sense of happiness, lifestyle, satisfaction and wealth. People who received all these criteria can be said has achieved a good quality of life. The issue is whether standard of living only criteria that can be determine quality of life. Mark Rapley (2003) stated that quality of life is a driving force in service design, delivery and outcome evaluation across medicine and social care. The quality of life of ‘patients/ ‘service user is now usually advocates as a measure of the ‘quality and ‘values of money of service. Mark Replay (2003) also adds that there are two conceptual ideas that use of the idea of quality of life which is an objectivity and subjectivity. Concept objectivity in quality of life can be defined as an attainment of various basic life needs such as a food and shelter which is considered common to all culture. Other than that, objectivity concept is representing external life condition such as economical factors. Subjectivity in quality of life is concern about the feeling that individual get in their life. It is more on appraisal of the thing that they get in their life. Figure 2.1 show the differences between the external condition (the material life arena) and the internal, personal element of people (the personal life arena). This figure tries to show that what exactly an objectives matter about and the subjective matter are about. Robert J.Rogerson (1999) described a material life arena can be viewed either as a geographical space within which place is people live. So the material life arena is the objective concept in defines a quality of life. In other word, material life arena is a stimulus for life satisfaction. Personal life arena included a subjective assessment of life, measure in term of satisfaction as well measure a characteristics of people. What are mean by characteristics of people was their preferences, priorities, aspiration and values system. According to Robert J.Rogerson, type A is a research based on the accessing the material life arena and employing primary social indicators. Type B is more on the personal life arena which mean that they more on characteristic of people which representing about the feeling, behaviour and others. Type C researches are more on subjective well being research where quality of life is a direct measure of individual cognitive and effective reaction to his own life. Material life area is the concern about the condition that can influence individual quality of life. This is because types of work, housing condition, place of living can make quality of life be better or maybe become worse. This is because the influences is come from outside and the individual are cannot control it by himself. Meanwhile personal life arena is the factors that can be manipulated by the individual itself. This is because these personal life arenas are controlled by the individual. the evaluation of this types of concept are based on the individual feeling that influenced by the experience, behaviour and satisfaction from the individual itself. Robert L. Schalock, Ivan Brown, Roy Brown, Robert A. Cummins, David Felce, Leena Matikka, Kenneth D. Keith, and Trevor Parmenter (2002) in article entitle â€Å"Conceptualization, Measurement, and Application of Quality of Life for Persons With Intellectual Disabilities†described quality of life are concern about domain of well being, inter and intra personal variability, personal context, perception, values, choice and personal control. So the better understanding will be obtained if all of these criteria can be explained in detail. I. Domain of well being There be lots of aspects that must be determined by the invidual in perform their life. For example individual are allowed to determined the thing that most important domain in their life such as a emotional well being, interpersonal relationship, material well being, physical well being, self determination, social inclusion and right. So individual must able to recognise what is the important need to them. The well being is not determined on how many amount that individual can get but on how valuable that things can be in the individual life. II. Inter and intra personal variability Variability is the most domain of well being that taken by individual to experience in their life. Thus, it is consider a different individual, different community and different cultural because quality of life for each individual is different from one to another. III. Personal context People context are the understanding of people about their context of environment that are important to them in their life. This can be influenced by the place that they live, work and play. This environment should be able to accommodate individual according to their feeling, interest, need and values. This will allowed them to adapt with the surrounding environment at the place that they live. IV. Perception Perception in quality of life is a individual statements about the individuals perceives at any moment in their life. The changes of views may be happen according to the changes of time and situation. However this is needed to see the reasons of the changes to create a improvements to receive a better quality of life. V. Values, choice and personal control This is relating to choice that has been made by individual. So in other word, it is individual ability to control over their interest in term of activities, intervention and environment. This is because every aspect in quality of life brings different values into individuals life. 2.4 Important of Quality Of Life Quality of life has been used as a tool to measure the well being condition of individual and community. Changes in size and population distribution will create unstable on living standard of a community. Using indicator that have been used in measure a quality of life, level of living condition of people can easily obtain. This will help responsible parties to developed strategies in improving the quality of life of people. It will enhance a people well being level. Quality of life matter actually should be a goal on every development that creates for people. This will give benefit for people and opportunity for people to enjoy their life. There are three ways that can be use on showing how importance quality of life which is at national, community and individual level. On national purpose, quality of life can be use as a tool on measure a standard of living of population at the country. Result that obtained will show the efficient government that role country. The result can be used to measure on the current situation that happens in that country. If there is peace, it means that people are satisfied with their current quality of life. These leads on economy development by attract investors to come and invest in the country. It will create a job opportunities for local people to enhance their income. In community life, quality of life has been used as a symbol of their community power. For a country that has lots of ethic, it is important to show their achievement to the other ethnic. Strong community will enable them to spoken for their community right and fulfil their requirement. Quality of life has used as a standard to measure satisfaction levels in its community. If they do not achieve their desired quality of life, so they will try hard until they achieve to become a strong community. Same scenario will happen to when achieving a personal quality of life. Level of satisfaction on individual will determine reaction on how individual will react to the community life. 2.5 Differences between urban and rural quality of life According Annette Spellerberg, Denis Huschka and Roland Habich (2006), in article entitle ‘quality of life in rural area : Processes of divergence and convergence, rural area has its own benefit from it geographical location. Economic indicator is not a major factor when measuring rural quality of life because they enjoy on lower standard of living. They also states that rural community actually function as balancer to homogenisation and dislocation that has been causes by the international economic process. Other than that, urban area has been used as a driving force for rural area development but the reverse situation happen when the concentration development that happen in urban area has cause rural areas continue to lagging behind. Spellberg (2006) also explain that a pressure of living in urban areas has push out urban family to the rural area. In suburban area, process of culture assimilation happen between the rural and urban. Impact may happen on level quality of life for people that migrate from urban area to rural area. This is because facilities and utilities that provided at rural area are not same as the facilities that provide at urban area. Therefore, their needs and requirements may not be fulfilled when they were in rural areas. Other than that, reduction of quality of life also causes by the lack sense of place because they are not in their origin places. Indicator that has been used on measuring rural quality of life consist types of work, housing condition, income level, leisure and social relationship. Indicator of housing condition for example refers to general satisfaction of resident to their housing condition and it surrounding areas. Finding gather from the research that has been done by Spellberg (2006) show that people live in rural area enjoy a high level of satisfaction with the standard of housing than the people that living in urban areas. A gap between rural and urban in the matter of subjective well being was not clearly defined. Other satisfaction of life in term of family, leisure and health could much more important to personal happiness and general satisfaction rather than income and affluence. In conclusion, there are differences between achievement quality of life in urban and rural areas. This difference can be seen in terms of measuring quality of life between these two areas. This is because the indicators used are different due to different geographical locations and the types of development that happen surrounding it. People in urban area are more satisfied with the material values rather than people in rural area that more on satisfaction on life and social relationship. For example, sense of neighbourhoods relation or social relation is stronger in rural area rather than people in urban area. This is because in rural, they lived as a one community and depend for each other. If there is disagreement between them it will lead to uneasy environment and because of that they cannot meet their happiness in life. Different scenario occurs in urban areas due to the absence of time, the neighbourhood relations are not taken seriously by them. Therefore it is not surprising that the people in urban areas do not know their own neighbours. 2.6 Measurement Quality Of Life How to measure a quality of life? Early researches have been made is not only using a social indicator but also using an economic indicator. Both of these indicators will shows about social and economic level of a society. According to the Malaysia Quality of Life report (2004) indicators that use to measure quality of life are income level, working life, health, education, environment, family life, social participation, culture and leisure. On income indicator it will measure on gross income and standard of living. Other than that, income also uses to see whether the individual can sustain their income for their self and family. Next, the types of work also can be used to measure the level income of individual. All of this is cannot be obtain in rural areas. This have causes many people to travel several miles to find work that can provides a better living wage. Working life indicator are use to measure the types of work and working condition environment of the community. At the rural area, high-income jobs are difficult to be obtained. Other than that, there are low rates of work variety and these make them to do same jobs all the time. A type of job that usually occurs in rural area is based on agricultural activities in a small scale. So they cannot obtain a high income level with kind of jobs. Next is health indicator that uses to study about the physically and mentality of people at the study area. Good healthy will enable people to work and socialist more effectively. This indicator will enable to detect their access to the health services. Even though they government are creating more and better health facilities but the result is often denied access for those unable to travel the distance to get the needed services. Family life indicator is used to measure how strongly the chain relationship between family member. Other than that, it will enable us to see types of social structure and how it will contribute on enhance a quality of life. Social participation will show about an involvement of an individual on their community. Lack of leadership and support from the community is one of problem that can be preventing that community to be a strong community. Other than that, it is ways to see if they are willing to contribute in social, political, religious and community activities. Other than that, the measurement on quality of life also must include the level of practise among community about culture and leisure. This is one of ways to identify their community identity. Other than that, the knowledge about their custom and tradition are also can be obtain. A culture aspect gives knowledge on social behaviour of those communities. It is an important part on to see whether the communitys relationship is still practicing nowadays. 2.6.1 Ethic of measure quality of life According to the R. L. Schalock (2002), the first thing before measure quality of life understands the degree of which people enjoy good quality in life. Measure quality of life should enable to enhance people quality of life by taking an action to improve the obstacle that currently decreased people quality of life. Other than that, the measurement result must be able to help and should never encourage achieving a low quality of life. Measuring quality of life is usually carried out by identified what are the specific things that have to value by individual. After that, it must be matched with the individuals perception or their happiness. Usually this measurement is concern with the â€Å"subjective†and â€Å"Objectives†measurement. The most usually method that being use is by measuring their life experiences to know the positive values that happen to the individual across time and among their cultural. Other than that, this also can be done by describing their positive valued into something that can be measure. Next, the method that can be used is the quantitative measurement. This done by creating a scale to described the level of their satisfaction between the â€Å"best†and the â€Å"worst†. 2.7 Malaysia rural social policy and it characteristic According to the Malaysia rural social policy journal (2008), Malaysia rural policy is cover a policy that helps farmer through providing a basic living needs to improve quality and productivity of the crops. Although Malaysia has a faced great process of urbanization as a tool on develop the country, agricultural sector has not be ignored but still practicing particularly in rural area. This is because rural area is places where the indigenous Malaysia practicing an agricultural activity. Through a ‘new economic policy that has been implement after an ethnic conflict 1969 to reduce of poverty especially for indigenous Malaysia, government has come on several strategies which are : Development of land, increase the cultivated land area and resettlement of landless farmers to grow cash crops. To improve a firm land capital construction which are drainage project in Kelantan State plan and Ji Muda Kedah. Provide a fertilize, high yield seeds, subsidies for high yield crops and a agricultural technique to improve agricultural crop yield, expanding oil palm and other economic crop planting area. The implementation of the price subsidy system, reduce market risks, to protect the interests of production for farmers. Provide loans for a farmer to enhance their agricultural production. Create a farmer market in urban centre to allowed farmer to sell directly to consumer without involve the third parties. With all these strategies, Malaysia has able to bring out rural people out of poverty while at the same time protect a basic living needs of the farmers. Since 2001, government has launch a ‘National Vision Policy with an anti poverty program that focus on the indigenous ethnic minorities in remote areas. Other than that, government also provide housing, water supply and sanitation system, basic living conditions and medical social services for those targeted people. Other than that, by think that only education that will help people to enhance their quality of life, government has come out with the ‘Compulsory Education Law for 6 to 15 year children. This is one ways that will encourage and forcing people especially in rural areas that has high percentages of not going to school. This policy is supported by done the development of new school building and school improvement in term of study condition and quality of teaching. In conclusion, government actually play a huge role on enhancing a quality of life for the rural. Government has been behind of the scene for every development that happens. Government and private sectors must be cooperating to provide a development that can bring happiness and welfare for the Malaysia people. 2.8 Application of quality of life in different country Quality of life research has been conduct almost on every country that exists in the earth. This is one ways to measure a level of living standard in that country. It will help to bring people from other country to become resident or just for travel. So the result of quality of life will be as a tool to know the actual level of quality of life in that country. There is differentness between urban and rural quality of life. So it is importance to well understand about urban and rural quality of life. 2.8.1 Quality of life in urban area 2.8.1.1 Singapore Singapore for example is one of the country has done quality of life research several times. As a F.T. Seik, Yuen and L. Chin (1999) mention, there are about three studies has been done on the measurement of quality of life in Singapore. This study has been done by Kau and Wang (1995), Foo (1998) and Kau (1998). First study by Kau and Wang (199) is about the life satisfaction from 329 respondents aged 15 year and above 1993. The indicator that has been used is more on about the social, health and economic condition. Second studies made by Foo (1998) are to measure overall life satisfaction as well as to measure an importance and satisfaction towards various aspects of life. Third studies made by Kau (1998) are measure satisfaction with life in the Singapore. It measure using a likert-scale with ‘1 is for very dissatisfaction level and ‘6 as a very satisfied level. Conclusion and finding that can be found are people in Singapore are moderately satisfied with their overall quality of life. Education and income is two indicators that have impact on Singaporean overall life satisfaction. They score high in term of value healthy and family life but low level on the leisure and consumer goods. 2.8.1.2 Hong Kong This is the summary on studies of subjective that has been done by Wan, P. S., Law, K. W. K., Wong, T. K. Y. (2008) entitle Subjective well-being. Studies on the quality of life at Hong Kong are concern about the subjective indicator which is based on the respondent subjective perception and evaluation of their lives and experiences. This study is done by the Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies in year 1988 under the project ‘Indicator of Hong Kong Social Development. The project has been done for several years until they develop an index, the SDI 2000 which uses to measure the social development in Hong Kong. The study is about subjective well being of the respondent. The findings of the study indicate that Hong Kong Chinese are more satisfied with their own personal lives rather than societal condition. The subjective well being is declines in 1995, although they still satisfied with their personal lives. Other than that, their confidence in the territory future is significantly lower. It also found that, there are considered a good health, peace of mind and money as the most important thing that could lead to their happiness. Using same questionnaire set just like the first study, Wan, P. S., Law, K. W. K., Wong, T. K. Y. (2008) launch another study that examined the mean self reported to develop a composite index to reflect changes in quality of life over the period from 1990 to 1997. It was found that the personal well being index was more robust to the changes and only get change with the global trend. Other than that, the societal well being index showed more obvious changes over time. 2.8.2 Quality of life in rural area 2.8.2.1 New Zealand New Zealand is a one of the country that has done a quality of life research in a rural area. Maori people are an aboriginal people that usually live in New Zealand rural area. This research has been done by the Social Policy Research Unit of the Family Centre (Lower Hutt) and the Population Studies Centre, University of Waikato. Study case of the study is on Wellinton Tent Trust and the Palmerston North Maori Trust. The research is about understanding the wellbeing of Maori people because they (Royal Commission on Social Policy: 1988) believe that ‘a good society is one that allows people to be heard, to have say in their future and choice in life. For them, social well being includes that sense of belonging that affirms claims their dignity and identity and allows them to function in their everydays roles. First of all it is important to know what Maori people understand on quality of life. According New Zealand Maori Case Study 1 (2007) report, that refers on Love, Maulaulau and Pratt (2005) study, they identify that Maori people understanding concept quality of life would emphasise spiritual, family, tribal and social spiritual connection on responsibility, community relationship, authority and use of ancestral land as a component of Maori wellbeing with other generally shared component such as health care, adequate housing and other resources. Finding of the research shows that Maori community is more concern of human relationship with in detail is on the family relationship. This is because the entire respondent that has been interview states that social activities that happen around them is not only for themselves but also for the young generations. Other than that, they need to be able with the family and close to their own environment which are places that they are close to family. If we look on detail, it supposes to show how the strong is family bond between them. Studies also sho
Sunday, October 13, 2019
Organizational Strategy and Structure of Unilever Essay -- Business St
Organizational Strategy and Structure of Unilever Introduction Unilever is one of the largest packaged consumer goods companies specializing in hundreds of different brands. Unilever is based in Holland and the UK and is jointly owned by Unilever N.V and Unilever PLC. Both companies have the same board of directors but operate as a single entity and list there stock separately. In 2000, Unilever restructured their board of directors by electing new faces to the board and seeing other key members retire, like Jan Peelen and Robert Philips. Miles and Snow stated that there are four types of organizational strategies pursued by companies; Defenders, Prospectors, Analyzers and Reactors. Unilever are a company that uses the â€Å"Prospectors†organization type. Prospectors are organizations which almost continually search for market opportunities, and they regularly experiment with potential responses to emerging environmental trends, in particular when Vis was appointed to the Food Executive committee and began to emphasize more on environmental and sustainable development in response to changing trends and demands by consumers giving these consumers greater confidence. (Miles & Snow; pp29) In my discussion, the main types of organizational strategies and structures will be listed and how they have impacted on Unilever’s improved performance and growth in recent years. Organizational strategies and structures, and there impact on Unilever’s performance †¢ Restructured Approach: 1. Identifying market opportunities: A key part of an organizational strategy is to identify market opportunities by finding a niche or a gap in the marketplace that they can pursue to take their company ahead of all their competitors. An organiz... ...ification as we move towards our destination IT architecture, and further strengthen our global market presence†said Neil Cameron, chief information officer at Unilever. Unilever’s steady underlying improvement in Europe has continued, with 2.8% growth in the year. The fourth quarter was particularly strong, at 5.5%, against a weaker comparator. The Americas were up by 4.1% in the year, with Brazil and Mexico improving through the year, while the US grew solidly at 3.2%. Asia Africa has shown consistent, broad-based growth across countries and categories throughout the year, up by 11.1%. This demonstrates that merging with globalised technologically advanced companies such as SAS, and using their expertise, is paying dividends for Unilever. (Unilever’s Annual Report, 2007) (Drinks Business Review, â€Å"Unilever selects SAP as standard for global IT Strategy†, May 2007)
Saturday, October 12, 2019
Aircraft Carriers: A Global Force Essay -- Military Science
In history though many countries share the same essential technologies they employ them in different manners which may be affected by military aims, geography and potential foes. In particular in the Second World War this can be seen in the use of the aircraft carrier and the aircraft they transported. Prior to World War II the major navies of the world did not view the aircraft carrier as a strategic weapon; instead the battleship was seen as the major force multiplier of the navy. This belief was because of the enormous firepower the battleship brought to the fight however; by the end of World War II the aircraft carrier would cement its place as the navy’s strategic projection platform. I will demonstrate this by explaining how Britain, Japan and the United States all developed and used their aircraft carriers in different manners, how the transition of the airplane from a scout to a fighter played a pivotal role in the use of aircraft carriers and how the battleship proved not to be the projection platform it was thought to be. The use of carriers by Britain, Japan and the United States was vastly different. That these 3 nations developed and used carriers in different manners can be accredited to their own history and geographic placement. Britain and the United States entered the Second World War with the premise that the battleship still ruled the waves and all doctrines were based on that principle. Britain used hers to escort warships and track U-boats but most importantly they were used to ferry planes to Africa and Malta, the unsinkable aircraft carrier of the Mediterranean. The impact they had on Axis operations in Africa was significant. The greatest contribution of British carriers was in the hunt for th... ...o protect her vital mercantile trade. Japan being the aggressor and needing imports had to take the war to the enemy by using her carriers in an aggressive manner. The aircraft carrier became the most important ship in every navy because of its ability to project air power over a much larger area than the battleship. Navies were now capable of destroying enemy navies without ever coming within range of the ships main guns. Works Cited Howarth, D. The Dreadnoughts. Time Life Books. Illustrated History of WW2. (1969). Readers Digest Association . Leckie, R. (1998). The Wars of America. Castle Books. Spurr, R. (1981). A Glorious Way To Die. New Market Press. Writer, S. (2010, 11 5). USS Enterprise (CV-6) Conventional-Powered Aircraft Carrier. Retrieved from Military Factory: http://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=USS-Enterprise-CV6 Aircraft Carriers: A Global Force Essay -- Military Science In history though many countries share the same essential technologies they employ them in different manners which may be affected by military aims, geography and potential foes. In particular in the Second World War this can be seen in the use of the aircraft carrier and the aircraft they transported. Prior to World War II the major navies of the world did not view the aircraft carrier as a strategic weapon; instead the battleship was seen as the major force multiplier of the navy. This belief was because of the enormous firepower the battleship brought to the fight however; by the end of World War II the aircraft carrier would cement its place as the navy’s strategic projection platform. I will demonstrate this by explaining how Britain, Japan and the United States all developed and used their aircraft carriers in different manners, how the transition of the airplane from a scout to a fighter played a pivotal role in the use of aircraft carriers and how the battleship proved not to be the projection platform it was thought to be. The use of carriers by Britain, Japan and the United States was vastly different. That these 3 nations developed and used carriers in different manners can be accredited to their own history and geographic placement. Britain and the United States entered the Second World War with the premise that the battleship still ruled the waves and all doctrines were based on that principle. Britain used hers to escort warships and track U-boats but most importantly they were used to ferry planes to Africa and Malta, the unsinkable aircraft carrier of the Mediterranean. The impact they had on Axis operations in Africa was significant. The greatest contribution of British carriers was in the hunt for th... ...o protect her vital mercantile trade. Japan being the aggressor and needing imports had to take the war to the enemy by using her carriers in an aggressive manner. The aircraft carrier became the most important ship in every navy because of its ability to project air power over a much larger area than the battleship. Navies were now capable of destroying enemy navies without ever coming within range of the ships main guns. Works Cited Howarth, D. The Dreadnoughts. Time Life Books. Illustrated History of WW2. (1969). Readers Digest Association . Leckie, R. (1998). The Wars of America. Castle Books. Spurr, R. (1981). A Glorious Way To Die. New Market Press. Writer, S. (2010, 11 5). USS Enterprise (CV-6) Conventional-Powered Aircraft Carrier. Retrieved from Military Factory: http://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/detail.asp?ship_id=USS-Enterprise-CV6
Friday, October 11, 2019
Howl’s Moving Castle in Terms of the Journey
Howl’s Moving Castle is a film by Hayao Miyazaki, and it follows the life of a young girl who is a hat-maker to many learning experiences, emotional involvements, and physical (laborious) journeys. She starts off as a simple hat maker before trouble befalls her and meets a witch who makes her into an old woman. She runs off to try and reverse the spell, meeting a man and his friends, from inside a moving castle, who journeys together, overcoming all obstacles, and finding her true self again.This movie is mainly focusing on the physical journey, but at the same time, the characters experience not only physical journeys, but also emotional and inner journeys of learning, and developing many feelings toward other people. In the main character’s perspective, the setting shows what a journey of a life she has had so far, and up to what stage of life she is in – ‘time’ being the key word in this journey, since she very soon meets a woman during a windy, s tormy, dark-lighting, night, who curses her into being an old woman, with no time passing for her.And so, in this fashion, she re-meets Howl, the person who once saved her from some ‘blob men’ who were chasing her. Upon meeting him, her path on her journey changes once again – from something of no hope (grayscale), to something that gave her hope, and will eventually restore her (colourful). On the moving castle, she meets many friends. Not only that, but she also finds knobs that transport her to different places once she exits the door, but she is prohibited from going to the one black knob.Her journey does not come across that one knob until near the ending, where, once she turns to that knob and exits, she is not only transferred through space, but also time, and into someone else’s life: Howl’s past. The non-diegetic music also helps lead into the journey, and also helps to create a change of setting. By learning of his journey about how he tra nsformed from that kid, to that present self, she finds out to save him, save his friends, herself, and most importantly also her enemies.This movie is extremely helpful towards the concept of journey as all the characters in it have shown a glimpse (sometimes more) of their journey to the viewer, and allows the audience to empathise with the characters. Taking a step back though, you can really see how their past, present and future journeys are all integrated with each other, influencing and intertwining each other character’s journeys too, like an unbreakable web of chains.Howl’s Moving Castle is similar to The Shawshank Redemption, as it is a film, but not only is it because of it being this text type, but also further represents how journeys are linked together. For Howl’s Moving Castle, things are rehashed from the past, inside the ‘present’ of this movie, but for Shawshank, Andy never had connections with the other convicts, nor did they befo re the crime was committed and they were sent there. The differences range from: one being a fairy-tale world, the other being like a nightmare; and to, most importantly, the environment.The atmosphere and tone influence the emotions of the characters involved as well as the way their journeys turned out, and through which road: in Howl’s Moving Castle, the girl had to save the others, who then in turn, saved her; in Shawshank however, Andy saved himself, and before he’d escaped, he’d influenced others to be safe and hope – although both the endings were implied to be joyous. Also, whilst in Howl’s Moving Castle, there is a lot of physical journey in terms of travelling, in Shawshank, everyone remains inside the prison, unable (or sometimes unwilling) to go out.In both films, the themes of hope and determination are prominent to the journey, although the different personas act and react in different ways. This reinforces the concept that no personà ¢â‚¬â„¢s journey is identical, although it can be similar. Both films are important to the journey, as it emphasises that no matter in which situation, you can still strive for an ultimate good result, and sometimes it is possible to achieve it.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Drinking Age Essay
The drinking age was moved from 18 to 21 for a reason. The higher drinking age of 21 has saved many lives, helped reduce the amount of underage drinking, and therefore should not be lowered. Many studies from a large variety of sources have proven higher drinking ages have a positive effect on society. Alcohol is harmful to the development of younger people. Research has shown that an adult is less likely to binge drink (have five or more drinks in a row). According to statistics from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, teens become intoxicated twice as fast as adults. Because the teens get drunk faster they are less likely to know when to stop and to go past their limit, causing harm to themselves and others. The Human brain continues to develop after adolescence and into our 20’s. According to a study on the neurocognitive effects of alcohol on adolescents and college students, drinking is harmful to the brain. Since the brains of all people under 21 are still developing, and most are in college, alcohol can prove very detrimental to the development of their brain and can harm their studies, and thus their futures. Underage drinking also largely contributes to many social problems include those such as: impaired driving, fighting, sexual activity, and smoking (Pediatrics 2006; 119:76-85). People have proposed that a 40 hour educational course should entitle people under 21 to drink. Research shows that educating youth drivers does not prevent youth crashes, however restrictions such as a limitation on the amount of passengers a youth driver can have, and curfews do help restrict the amount of youth crashes. The same philosophy applies to drinking. Educating young people about drinking responsibly, and the damage that drinking can do will not prevent alcohol related incidents, or underage â€Å"binge†drinking, but restrictions like the current laws will help prevent these (National Institutes of Health , â€Å"Fact Sheet: Underage Drinking†). Alcohol has a direct effect on the amount of car crashes and crime levels around the world. Studies show that since the legal age was change from 18 to 21 the number of vehicle related accidents has dropped 16 percent (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Other studies have shown that since the legal drinking age was raised over 25,000 live were saved (European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs). Many European countries have lower drinking ages, and many people say that their system is better. Since alcohol is more readily available in these nations there are more underage drinkers than other countries where alcohol is more limited. Studies have also shown that alcohol cause more problems in Europe than America (DiClemente, Ralph J.:Pediatrics 107). These issues include underage drunkenness, injury, rape, and school problems. â€Å"The concept that a person becomes a full adult at age 21 dates back centuries in English common law; 21 was the age at which a person could, among other things, vote and become a knight. Since a person was an official adult at age 21, it seemed to make sense that they could drink then, too†(Ethan Trex: http://www.mentalfloss.com /article/19437/why-drinking-age-21). Certain European nations and states allow drinking with a parent’s consent or drinking in the privacy of the home. Many people claim that this helps reduce underage binge drinking by introducing youths to alcohol at an earlier age in a controlled environment. Research has shown that this is not true (Fell, James: Debating Reform), because the youths feel they have their parent’s permission to drink they are more likely to believe it is okay for them to drink in situations outside the home, which can lead to intoxicated driving, and other harmful acts. Some argument for lowering the drinking age claim that alcohol is more enticing to youths when they can’t have it, and if the legal age was lowered there would be less underage drinking problems. Studies and history have proven this wrong (Fell, James: Debating Reform). Before the drinking age was raised in the U.S. there was a larger underage drinking problem, and over twice as many fatal alcohol related accidents as today. Sources: European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. DiClemente, Ralph J. et al â€Å"Parental Monitoring: Association With Adolescents’ Risk Behaviors†Pediatrics 107: 6 June 2001, 1363-1368 Fell, James. From â€Å"Chapter 2: Federalism: Resolved, the Federal Government should restore each State’s freedom to set its drinking age.†in Ellis, Richard and Nelson, Michael (eds.) Debating Reform. CQPress Publishers, Fall 2009. Fell, J.; â€Å"Minimum Legal Drinking Age Policy Knowledge Asset,†website created by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Substance Abuse Policy Research Program; March 2009. Fell, James C. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Oct. 2008 â€Å"An Examination of the Criticisms of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age 21 Laws in the United States from a Traffic-Safety Perspective†National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis â€Å"Lives Saved in 2007 by Restraint Use and Minimum Drinking Age Laws†DOT HS 811 049 A Brief Statistical Summary November 2008. National Institutes of Health , â€Å"Fact Sheet: Underage Drinking†National Institutes of Health, â€Å"Fact Sheet: Alcohol-related Traffic Deaths†National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Statistics on Underage Drinking National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, â€Å"Research Findings on Underage Drinking and the Minimum Legal Drinking Age†National Institutes of Health, Alcohol Policy Information System â€Å"The 1984 National Minimum Drinking Age Act†Shults, Ruth A., Elder, Randy W., Sleet, David A., Nichols, James L., Alao, Mary O. Carande-Kulis, Vilma G., Zaza, Stephanie, Sosin, Daniel M., Thompson, Robert S., and the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. â€Å"Reviews of Evidence Regarding Interventions to Reduce Alcohol-Impaired Driving.†Am J Prev Med 2001;21(4S). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Unde rage Drinking 2007. Zeigler DW, Wang CC, Yoast RA, Dickinson BD, Mccaffree MA, Robinowitz CB, et al. The Neurocognitive Effects of Alcohol on Adolescents and College Students. Prev Med 2005 Jan;40(1):23-32. http://www.indiana.edu/~engs/articles/cqoped.html
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)